http://imgur.com/gallery/UnPbT8Q

http://imgur.com/gallery/ASwcrJ5

http://imgur.com/gallery/FA9EN

aldehydes and ketones are carbonyls

primary/secondary/tertiary means the class of a molecule

ketones have dipole-dipole forces

reaction conditions:

Addition:

Hydrogenation: Dissolve alkene/alkyne in a non-polar solution and add a hot Ni/Pt/Pd catalyst

Halogenation: X2 present

Hydrohalogenation: No water present

Hydration: Water in the form of steam with a strong acid catalyst

Substitution reactions:

 

Halogenation: UV light

Hydrolosis: Haloalkanes react with hydroxide ions to from alcohols and a halogen salt

Edited August 5, 201311 yr by Smiley73

This occurs with warm aqueous hydroxide ions

http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1jqimz/what_is_the_biggest_risk_youve_taken_in_life_that/

Alcohols can react with Hydrogen halides to form halogens

 

alcohols --> haloalkanes

 

this is called halogenation

 

the opposite of hydrolysis

Tertiary alchols react with HX at room temp.

primary and secondary need concentrated H2SO4 and are treated with a sodium salt

 

The sodium then goes on the HSO4, the OH that comes off the alcohol bonds with an H from the sulphuric acid and the X goes from the Sodium salt to the organic molecule

Cracking takes long alkane chains and breaks them into smaller alkanes and alkenes (esp. ethene) - this needs heat and/or catalyst

Dehydration: alcohols --> alkene

heat with excess H2SO4/H3PO4

 

or pass gases over hot Al2O3 powder

Dehydrogenation:

 

Alkane --> Alkene

Dehalogenation: Haloalkane --> alkene

Dehydrohalogenation: Haloalkanes --> Alkenes

 

A reflux with concentrated NaOH/KOH in ethanol